The Pleistocene epoch, which spanned from approximately 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago, was characterized by numerous glaciations and interglacial periods. Research on Pleistocene climate focuses on understanding the patterns and drivers of climate change during this time, including the role of factors such as orbital variations, greenhouse gas concentrations, and ocean currents. Scientists study sediment cores, ice cores, fossil pollen records, and other proxies to reconstruct past climates and gain insights into how these changes influenced ecosystems, biodiversity, and human evolution. Understanding Pleistocene climate dynamics can also offer valuable insights into predicting future climate change.